E. A. Cox Middle School opened its doors in August 1997 following years of planning and collaboration by the Maury County Board of Education and the Maury County Commission. The school was named in honor of Edward Alexander "Ed" Cox, a distinguished educator whose career of service to Maury County Schools included roles as both teacher and superintendent. His contributions to education extended across Tennessee when he later served as the state's Commissioner of Education.

Dr. Mary Reel became the school's first principal, joining the team during the final stages of construction and helping guide the successful opening of the new school. When E. A. Cox Middle School first opened, it served students in grades 6–8. In 2009, Maury County Public Schools expanded the middle school model by moving fifth grade into middle schools, and E. A. Cox Middle School became a grades 5–8 school, a structure that continues today.

Since its opening, E. A. Cox Middle School has grown and evolved while serving generations of students and families across Maury County. At its peak enrollment, the school served more than 1,000 students.

Over the years, the school has benefited from the leadership of dedicated principals, including Dr. Debbie Steen (2002–2012), Eric Perryman (2012–2015), Dr. Tim Webb (2015–2017), Kevin Eady (2017–2018), Tracy Marks (2018–2021), and Tonjia Potts (2021–2024).

In 2024, Dr. Christine Potts became principal of E. A. Cox Middle School. Her appointment marked a unique full-circle moment in the school's history, as she was among the original faculty members who opened the building in 1997 as a sixth-grade science teacher.

Throughout its history, E. A. Cox Middle School has adapted to the changing needs of students and the community while maintaining a strong commitment to academic excellence, character development, and student success. Today, the school continues to build on a proud tradition of preparing students for high school and beyond while fostering Cougar pride and a culture of achievement.

The red and black colors of the Cox Middle School Cougars remain a symbol of excellence, perseverance, and school spirit, reflecting the legacy of those who have helped shape the school since its opening.